Waba uzi amateka ya vino?

Divayi ni ikinyobwa gisindisha gisanzwe gikozwe mu nzabibu zisembuye.Umusemburo urya isukari mu nzabibu ukayihindura kuri Ethanol na karuboni ya dioxyde, ikarekura ubushyuhe muri gahunda.Ubwoko butandukanye bwinzabibu nubwoko bwimisemburo nibintu byingenzi muburyo butandukanye bwa vino.Iri tandukaniro rituruka ku mikoranire igoye hagati yiterambere ryibinyabuzima ryinzabibu, ibisubizo bigira uruhare muri fermentation, ibidukikije bikura byinzabibu (terroir), hamwe nuburyo bwo gukora divayi.Ibihugu byinshi bishyiraho ubujurire bwemewe n'amategeko bugamije gusobanura imiterere na vino.Ubusanzwe ibyo bigabanya inkomoko y’akarere kandi byemewe ubwoko bwinzabibu, kimwe nibindi bice byo gukora divayi.Divayi idakozwe mu nzabibu irimo gusembura ibindi bihingwa birimo divayi y'umuceri n'izindi divayi y'imbuto nka plum, cheri, amakomamanga, amashanyarazi na soya.

Ibimenyetso bya kera bya divayi ni ibya Jeworujiya (nko mu 6000 MIC), Irani (Ubuperesi) (nko mu 5000 BGC), na Sisile (nko mu 4000 BGC).Divayi yageze muri Balkans mu 4500 mbere ya Yesu, iranywa kandi yizihizwa mu Bugereki bwa kera, Thrace na Roma.Mu mateka yose, vino yagiye ikoreshwa kubera ingaruka zayo zibasindisha.

Ibimenyetso bya kera byubucukuzi nubucukuzi bwa vino yinzabibu n’imizabibu, byanditswe mu 6000-5800 BGC byabonetse ku butaka bwa Jeworujiya ya none.Ibimenyetso byubucukuzi ndetse n’irondakoko byerekana ko umusaruro wa mbere wa divayi ahandi wasangaga nyuma, bishoboka ko wabereye muri Caucase y’Amajyepfo (ikubiyemo Arumeniya, Jeworujiya na Azaribayijan), cyangwa akarere ka Aziya y’iburengerazuba hagati ya Turukiya y’iburasirazuba, na Irani y’amajyaruguru.Divayi izwi cyane kuva mu 4100 MIC ni inzoga ya Areni-1 muri Arumeniya.

Nubwo atari vino, ibimenyetso bya mbere byerekana inzabibu n'umuceri bivanze bishingiye ku binyobwa bisembuye byabonetse mu Bushinwa bwa kera (nko mu 7000 MIC).

Ibisobanuro birambuye ku ngazi zo mu burasirazuba bwa Apadana, Persepolis, zerekana Abanyarumeniya bazana amphora, ahari divayi, ku mwami;

Raporo yo mu 2003 yakozwe n'abacukuzi b'ibyataburuwe mu matongo yerekana ko bishoboka ko inzabibu zavanze n'umuceri kugira ngo zitange ibinyobwa bivanze mu Bushinwa bwa kera mu myaka ya mbere y'ikinyejana cya karindwi MIC.Ibibindi by'ibumba biva ahitwa Neolithic ahitwa Jiahu, Henan, byari birimo ibimenyetso bya acide ya tartaric hamwe nibindi binyabuzima bisanzwe biboneka muri vino.Ariko, izindi mbuto kavukire muri kariya karere, nka nyakatsi, ntishobora kuvaho.Niba ibyo binyobwa bisa nkibibanjirije divayi y'umuceri, birimo inzabibu aho kuba izindi mbuto, zaba ari imwe mu moko menshi yo mu gasozi kavukire yo mu Bushinwa, aho kuba Vitis vinifera, yatangijwe nyuma yimyaka 6000.

Ikwirakwizwa ry’umuco wa divayi mu burengerazuba birashoboka cyane ko byatewe n’Abanyafoyinike bakwirakwiriye hanze bava mu birindiro by’ibisagara bikikije inkombe ya Mediteraneya bishingiye kuri Libani ya none (ndetse harimo uduce duto twa Isiraheli / Palesitine na Siriya ku nkombe); ] ariko, umuco wa Nuragic muri Sardiniya wari usanzwe ufite umuco wo kunywa vino mbere yuko Abanyafenisiya bahagera.Divayi ya Byblos yoherejwe muri Egiputa mu Bwami bwa Kera hanyuma mu nyanja ya Mediterane.Ibimenyetso bibigaragaza birimo ubwato bubiri bw’Abanyafenisiya kuva mu mwaka wa 750 MIC, basanze imizigo yabo ya divayi ikiri nziza, yavumbuwe na Robert Ballard Nk’abacuruzi ba mbere bakomeye muri divayi (cherem), Abanyafenisiya basa nkaho barinze okiside hamwe n’urwego rwa amavuta ya elayo, agakurikirwa na kashe ya pinewood na resin, bisa na retsina.

Ibisigarira bya mbere by’ingoro ya Apadana muri Persepolis guhera mu 515 MIC, birimo ibishushanyo byerekana abasirikari bo mu bwami bwa Achaemenid bazana impano ku mwami wa Achaemenid, muri bo hakaba harimo Abanyarumeniya bazanye divayi izwi.

Ubuvanganzo buvuga kuri vino ni bwinshi muri Homer (mu kinyejana cya 8 MIC, ariko birashoboka ko byahimbwe mbere), Alkman (ikinyejana cya 7 MIC), n'abandi.Muri Egiputa ya kera, batandatu muri 36 amphora yasanze mu mva y'Umwami Tutankhamun yitwa izina “Kha'y”, umutware mukuru w'umwami.Batanu muri aba amphora bagenwe nkaho bakomoka mu mutungo bwite w’umwami, naho uwa gatandatu ukomoka mu nzu y’umwami wa Aten.Ibimenyetso bya divayi byabonetse no muri Aziya yo hagati yo mu Bushinwa mu Bushinwa bwa none, guhera mu kinyagihumbi cya kabiri n'icya mbere MIC.

Kanda vino nyuma yo gusarura;Tacuinum Sanitatis, ikinyejana cya 14

Bwa mbere bizwi cyane kuri divayi ishingiye ku nzabibu mu Buhinde ni mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 4 MIC mbere ya Chanakya, minisitiri w’umwami w'abami Chandragupta Maurya.Mu nyandiko ze, Chanakya yamaganye kunywa inzoga mu gihe yandikaga umwami w'abami ndetse n'urukiko rwe rukaba rwarakunze kunywa divayi izwi ku izina rya madhu.

Abanyaroma ba kera bateye imizabibu hafi yimijyi ya garrison kugirango divayi ishobore gukorerwa aho kugirango yoherezwe kure.Bimwe muri utwo turere ubu bizwi cyane ku isi mu gukora divayi.Abanyaroma bavumbuye ko gutwika buji ya sufuru mu bikoresho bya vino irimo ubusa byatumaga bishyashya kandi bitarimo umunuko wa vinegere.Mu Burayi bwo Hagati, Kiliziya Gatolika ya Roma yashyigikiraga divayi kubera ko abayobozi b'amadini babisabaga kugira ngo Misa.Abamonaki bo mu Bufaransa bakora divayi imyaka myinshi, basaza mu buvumo.Uburyo bwa kera bwicyongereza bwabayeho muburyo butandukanye kugeza mu kinyejana cya 19 busaba gutunganya vino yera kuri bastard - vino mbi cyangwa yanduye.

Nyuma, abakomoka kuri vino yamasakaramentu yatunganijwe kugirango biryohe.Ibi byatumye habaho ubuhinzi bwimbuto zigezweho muri vino yubufaransa, vino yabataliyani, vino yo muri Espagne, kandi iyo migenzo yinzabibu yazanywe muri divayi Nshya.Kurugero, inzabibu za Misiyoni zazanywe nabihayimana ba Franciscan muri New Mexico muri 1628 zitangira umurage wa divayi muri New Mexico, izo nzabibu nazo zazanywe muri Californiya zatangije uruganda rwa divayi muri Californiya.Bitewe n'umuco wa divayi wo muri Esipanye, utwo turere twombi twahindutse duhinduka abakera kandi binini cyane, divayi yo muri Amerika.Viking sagas yabanje kuvuga igihugu cyiza cyuzuyemo inzabibu zo mu gasozi na divayi nziza cyane yitwa Vinland.Mbere yuko Abesipanyoli bashiraho imigenzo yabo y'imizabibu y'Abanyamerika muri Californiya na New Mexico, Ubufaransa n'Ubwongereza byagerageje gushinga imizabibu muri Floride na Virginie.